Advanced breast cancer
Advanced breast cancer usually refers to metastatic breast cancer (also called Stage IV breast cancer). Breast cancer that has spread locally in the area of the breast, but not to distant organs and tissues, is often referred to as ‘locally advanced breast cancer’ (or Stage III breast cancer)^1-4.

Anemia
A low number of red blood cells. May lead to feelings of tiredness, weakness or breathlessness⁵.

Anti-emetic drugs
Medicines to reduce or prevent nausea⁵.

Anti-hormonal therapy
A treatment to stop or slow the growth of hormone-sensitive tumors. Works by blocking the body’s ability to produce hormones or by interfering with hormone action. Also called endocrine therapy or hormonal therapy⁵.

Biopsy
Removal of a sample of tissue for testing to see if it contains cancer cells or to test for genetic markers^3,5.

Bisphosphonates
Also known as bone hardening or bone strengthening treatment. These are drugs to slow or prevent bone damage. They also reduce calcium levels⁵.

Chemotherapy
A treatment that destroys cancer cells using cytotoxic (anti-cancer) drugs. Sometimes shortened to ‘chemo’⁵.

Complete blood count
A blood test to determine the quantity of each type of blood cell within a sample of blood.
Also known as a blood cell count⁵.

CT scan
Short for ‘computed tomography scan’. Uses a series of X-rays to create a detailed picture of areas inside the body. You may be given a dye (either to swallow or as an injection) to help the tissues and organs show up more clearly⁵.

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDK inhibitor)
A CDK 4/6 inhibitor is a type of treatment that works to put the brakes on cell growth and division by blocking the action of proteins called CDK 4 and CDK 6^6,7.

Early breast cancer
Breast cancer that has not spread beyond the breast or the axillary (armpit) lymph nodes^3,5.

Endocrine therapy
A treatment to stop or slow the growth of hormone-sensitive tumors. Works by blocking the body’s ability to produce hormones or interfering with hormone action. Also called antihormonal therapy or hormone therapy⁵.

Estrogen
One of the two female sex hormones (the other is progesterone). Estrogen acts in the body through the estrogen receptor located inside the cells of the body^3,5.

HER2
Abbreviation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. HER2 is a protein involved in normal cell growth. Some breast cancer cells contain many more HER2 receptors than normal cells. This is called being HER2 positive (HER2+). If your cancer does not have HER2 it is called HER2-negative (HER2-)⁵.

Hormone receptor (HR)
A protein in your cells that binds to a specific hormone (estrogen or progesterone). Once the hormone has bound to its receptor, various changes take place in the cell. If your cancer grows in response to the hormone estrogen, your cancer could also be called estrogen receptor-positive (ER-positive or ER+). If your cancer grows in response to the hormone progesterone, it could be called progesterone receptor-positive (PR-positive or PR+)⁵.

Lymph nodes
Part of lymphatic system which is body immune system. The nodes filter lymphatic fluids to stop bacterial infection. Lymph nodes can be inflamed which indicates the spread of cancer. This is important to determine your cancer progression or stages⁵.

Metastases
Tumors that occur when cancer spreads beyond where it first started in the body. For example, when breast cancer spreads from the breast to the bone it is said to have metastasized and tumors in the bone are referred to as bone metastases⁵.

Metastatic breast cancer
This is cancer that has spread beyond the breast to another part of the body. It may also be referred to as secondary breast cancer, stage IV (or Stage 4) breast cancer or advanced breast cancer^1,3,5.

MRI scan
Abbreviation of ‘magnetic resonance imaging’ scan. Uses radiation and a powerful magnet to create detailed pictures of organs inside the body⁵.

PET scan
Abbreviation of ‘positron emission tomography’ scan. A small amount of radioactive liquid is injected into a vein and a scanner then takes a detailed picture that can be used when looking for abnormalities in the body⁵.

Progesterone
One of the two female sex hormones (the other is estrogen). Progesterone acts in the body through the progesterone receptor located inside the cells of the body^3,5.

Progression
When tumors increase in size and/or the cancer spreads within the body it is said to have progressed⁵.

Radiotherapy
The use of high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Also called radiation therapy⁵.

Recurrence
When cancer returns after a period of time during which no cancer could be detected. If this happens, it may occur months or years after the initial treatment. Cancer may recur where it first appeared or elsewhere in the body⁵.

Relapse
When cancer returns after a period of improvement⁵.

Remission
When tumors shrink it is referred to as partial remission. If tumors shrink to the extent that they can no longer be detected by tests and scans it is referred to as complete remission⁵.

Secondary breast cancer
Another name for metastatic breast cancer^1,5.

Stage III breast cancer
Cancer that has spread beyond the breast and lymph nodes immediately around it, but which has not reached distant organs. Also called locally advanced breast cancer^4,5.

Stage IV breast cancer
The most advanced stage of breast cancer – when it has become metastatic^1,5.

Stage
The stage of cancer (I–IV or 1–4) is used to describe how far the cancer has spread in your body⁵.

Targeted therapy
A treatment targeting specific characteristics of cancer cells to prevent them from growing and dividing^3,5.

Ultrasound
A scan which uses high frequency sound waves to build up a picture of the inside of the body⁵.

X-ray
A type of radiation used for taking pictures or radiotherapy. A mammogram uses low doses of X-rays⁵.